When writing sketch to Arduino, avrdude is used. Normally, Aruduino IDE is used for writing and avrdude itself is not directly used, but avrdude.exe is used from command line in case of writing hex file to flash or checking fuse setting. USB / Serial connections are usually used, but avrdude does have support for connection over network. Connect ESP8266 or ESP32 with Arduino via ISCP, and write sketch to ESP which relays command from network. Then connect ESP to network, and tell avrdude to connect over network. Command line sample is as follows. IP address and port number are passed with net parameter. However, at this point (Sept, 2021), avrdude.exe …